Recent Advances in Membrane Technologies for Desalination and Wastewater Reuse: Materials Innovation, Fouling Mitigation, and Energy Optimization

Abstract

This paper reviews recent advances in membrane technologies for addressing global water scarcity through desalination and wastewater reuse. It focuses on innovations in advanced membrane materials, surface modifications, and hybrid systems that improve water filtration, contaminant removal, durability, and fouling resistance. The study also highlights antifouling strategies and low-energy technologies, including electrodialysis and capacitive deionization, as well as the integration of renewable energy to reduce environmental and operational costs. Overall, the review identifies materials innovation, fouling mitigation, and energy optimization as key areas for developing sustainable and efficient next-generation water treatment systems.